皮质对於物体的表徵（representation）.pptVIP

Complex cell 只對以特定方向移動的長條形刺激有反應 End-stopped cell 只對特定長度的移動線段或角有反應 皮質神經元選擇性地對特定類型刺激作反應，而不是只對光線有反應 複雜物體知覺之基礎 特徵偵測器（feature detectors） 偵測特徵的複雜度遞增 皮質放大因子（cortical magnification factor） 中央小窩只占網膜的0.01%，但在視皮質卻佔了8-10%的區域 運用大腦造影技術瞭解皮質放大 PET（positron emission tomography） 相減法 b-a=c 皮質的柱狀（column）結構 Location columns Orientation columns Ocular dominance columns 雖然視皮質神經元大多對於左眼與右眼刺激都作反應，但會對其中某一眼刺激的反應較好—ocular dominance Hypercolumns Ice-cube model Processing modules 對落在某個網膜位置的視覺訊息作完整的特徵分析 實際上更複雜 ＿＿分離 顯示「方位判斷」和「視覺/動作協調」為不同機制 雙重分離— 顯示「方位判斷」和「視覺/動作協調」為＿＿機制 臉孔失認症（prosopagnosia） LH （Farah, 2000） WJ（McNeil Warrington, 1993） 經驗 神經元按照視覺環境特性發展成為最能適應環境刺激的模式—experience-dependent plasticity, eg., visual word form area eg., selective rearing eg., expertise related activation in FFA * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Figure 4.28a: fMRI responses of the human brain to various types of stimuli. (a) Areas that were most strongly activated by houses, faces, and chairs. * Figure 4.28b: fMRI responses of the human brain to various types of stimuli. (b) All areas activated by each type of stimulus. * * * * * Figure 4.24 (a) Greeble stimuli used by Gauthier. Participants were trained to name each different Greeble. (b) Brain responses to Greebles and faces before and after Greeble training. (a: From Figure 1a, p. 569, from Gauthier, I., Tarr, M. J., Anderson, A. W., Skudlarski, P. L., Gore, J. C. (1999). Activation of the middle fusiform “face area” increases with experience in recognizing novel objects. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 568-573.) * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Fig 4.15 物體在手中 物體放在手中操弄 操弄物體 人類視皮質放大因子 有個別差異 對於細節的區辨能力除與眼球特性有關外，也與腦中地圖有關 Figure 4.17 (a) Purple and teal areas show the extent of stimuli that were presented while a person was in an fMRI scanner. (b) Purple and teal indicates areas of the brain activated by the stimulation in (a). (From Dougherty R. F. et al., (2003). Visual field representations and location of visual areas V1/2/3 in human