robbins_mgmt11_ppt13.ppt

图表13-11 （357页） 需要掌握的术语 群体 形成阶段 震荡阶段 规范阶段 执行阶段 解体阶段 角色 规范 群体思维 地位 社会惰化 群体凝聚力 冲突 传统冲突观 人际关系冲突观 相互作用冲突观 良性冲突 恶性冲突 任务冲突 关系冲突 程序冲突 工作团队 问题解决团队 自我管理型工作团队 跨职能团队 虚拟团队 社会网络结构 * * A group is defined as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come together to achieve specific goals. Formal groups are work groups that are defined by the organization’s structure and have designated work assignments and specific tasks directed at accomplishing organizational goals. Exhibit 13-1 provides some examples. Informal groups are social groups. * * * Research shows that groups develop through five stages. As shown in Exhibit 13-2, these five stages are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning * * * Why are some groups more successful than others? Why do some groups achieve high levels of performance and high levels of member satisfaction and others do not? The answers are complex, but include variables such as the abilities of the group’s members, the size of the group, the level of conflict, and the internal pressures on members to conform to the group’s norms. Exhibit 13-3 presents the major factors that determine group performance and satisfaction. * Asch demonstrated the impact that conformity has on an individual’s judgment and attitudes. In these experiments, groups of seven or eight people were asked to compare two cards held up by the experimenter. One card had three lines of different lengths and the other had one line which was equal in length to one of the three lines on the other card (see Exhibit 13-4). * Research has generally shown that highly cohesive groups are more effective than are less cohesive ones. However, the relationship between cohesiveness and effectiveness is complex. A key moderating variable is the degree to which the group’s attitude aligns with its goals or with the goals of the organization. (See Exhibit 13-5.) * What techniques can managers use to help groups make more creative decisions? Exhibit 13-6 describes three po