Electron probe microanalysis Electron microprobe analysis电子探针电子探针分析.pptVIP

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Electron probe microanalysis Electron microprobe analysis电子探针电子探针分析.ppt

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Electron probe microanalysis - Electron microprobe analysisEPMA (EMPA) An Historical Introduction: Merging of discoveries in physics, chemistry and microscopy Revised 1/21/2012 UW- Madison Geology 777 Overview Electrons and x-rays Spectroscopy and chemical analysis Development of electron and x-ray instruments Essentials of an electron microprobe UW- Madison Geology 777 Electrons - 1 1650, Otto von Guericke built the first air pump; 1654 he demonstrated power of vacuum to German emperor (horses couldn’t pull 2 hemispheres apart) in Magdeburg Guericke built first frictional electric machine, producing sparks from a charged sulfur globe, which he reported to Leibniz in 1672 1705, Francis Hauksbee improved the frictional machine (evacuated glass sphere, turned by crank) 1745 at University of Leiden, the “Leyden jar” (primitive condensor) was built, a metal-lined glass jar with rod stuck in middle thru cork; it stored large quantities of static electricity produced thru friction 1752, B. Franklin flew kite in thunderstorm and charged a Leyden jar (and was luckily not killed) UW- Madison Geology 777 Electrons - 2 18th Century: Benjamin Franklin described electricity as an elastic fluid made of extremely small particles. Electrical conductivity was observed in air near hot poker (= thermoionic emission of electrons) Cathode ray effects (glow) noticed by Faraday (1821); named “fluorescence” in 1852 by Stokes 1855 Geissler devised a pump to improve the vacuum in evacuated electric tubes (=Geissler tubes) 1858 Plücker forced electric current thru a Geissler tube, observed fluorescence, and saw it was deflected by a magnet. Some credit him with discovery of cathode rays UW- Madison Geology 777 Electrons - 3 1875 Wm. Crookes devised a better vacuum tube 1880 Crookes found that cathode rays travel in straight lines and could turn a wheel if it was struck on one side, and by their direction of curvature in magnetic field, that they were negatively charged par