Elements of the Sun; Solar Radiation The Department 太阳的元素太阳辐射.pptVIP

Spectra of outgoing radiation from Earth observed by IRIS on Nimbus 3 The Enhanced greenhouse effect Solar (S) and longwave (L) radiation in Wm-2 at the top of the atmosphere The climate system The Development of Climate models, Past, Present and Future Physical Feedbacks Water vapour Ice albedo Clouds Oceans Ice sheets Cloud Radiation Feedback Cloud radiation feedback Global average change in T /C Model Estimates of Cloud Radiative Forcing with CO2 Doubling Effect of cloud feedback formulation on climate prediction Feedback scheme Global Av Temp change,C for doubled CO2 RH 5.3 CW 2.8 CWRP 1.9 after Senior Mitchell, Hadley Centre Net cloud forcing: January to July Hadley Centre * Chapter 3 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer and Climate Kiehl and Trenberth (1997) Energy Balance at the TOA (Ch. 2) Planetary albedo Outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) Net incoming radiation Movie of net incoming radiation Zonal mean net radiation at TOA Why do we global wind patterns (general circulation)? Unequal heating of tropics and poles General Circulation of the Atmosphere Radiative Forcing The greenhouse effect Long-wave radiation 236 Wm-2 Equivalent T = 255 K (-18oC) 390 Wm-2 T = 288 K (+15oC) 236 Wm-2 Solar radiation Nuclear Configuration and Permanent Dipole Movement Symmetric, linear molecules (Both ends look the same) Nonlinear or bent Have pure rotation bands Vibrational Modes of Diatomic and Triatomic Molecules Atmospheric Absorption Solar radiation passes rather freely through earths atmosphere, but earths re-emitted longwave energy either fits through a narrow window or is absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-radiated toward earth. Wavelength Absorption (100%) Nitrous Oxide Methane Ozone Water Vapor Carbon Dioxide Total Atmo IR UV Clouds and Radiation Cloud forcing = cloudy – cloud-free NET = SW + LW 2. Radiation plots 1. Cloud maps Thermal equilibrium profiles S L 236 236 T = -18°C S