Exclusive Dealing Shelf Space Contracts and Category 独家经营的货架空间合同和类别.pptxVIP

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Exclusive Dealing Shelf Space Contracts and Category 独家经营的货架空间合同和类别.pptx

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1 THE ECONOMICS OF SLOTTING CONTRACTS Joshua D. Wright George Mason University Silicon FlatironsLaw and New Institutional Economics Workshop June 4, 2009 2 This paper is co-authored with Benjamin Klein and appears at 50 J.L.E. 421 (2007) Empirical follow up piece for those interested: Slotting Contracts and Consumer Welfare, 74 Antitrust Law Journal 439 (2007). 3 Slotting arrangements: per unit time payments made by manufacturers to retailers for shelf space. usually bind the grocer to provide shelf placement for a six month to one year period can cover both new and established products arose in grocery retailing around 1984 over the past 20 years, have become more pervasive, increasing in size and covering a larger number of grocery products have attracted a considerable amount of antitrust scrutiny including numerous Congressional and FTC hearings, litigation, and proposed legislation 4 Anticompetitive theories grounded in retail bargaining power and/or manufacturer exclusion of rivals do not explain the growth and prevalence of slotting contracts: Frequently used by manufacturers and with small market shares Most involve only short-term shelf space commitments Significant economies of scale in manufacturing are absent for many grocery products where we observe slotting contracts Anticompetitive theories do not explain the growth of supermarket slotting contracts in the 1980s 5 6 Two key economic questions that must be answered with respect to slotting fees are: Why must manufacturers explicitly contract with retailers for the provision of shelf space? Why does the shelf space contract often involve a per unit time payment to retailers rather than a wholesale price reduction? 7 Slotting contracts solve incentive incompatibility involving retailer undersupply of promotion when there are little or no inter-retailer competitive effects from the supply of promotional shelf space 8 A Promotional Services Theory of Slotting Contracts Retailers supply less tha