冲突的管理.ppt

What Is Communication? Communication involves the transfer of meaning. If no information or ideas have been conveyed, communication hasn’t taken place. The speaker who isn’t heard or the writer who isn’t read doesn’t communicate. The philosophical question “if a tree falls in a forest and no one hears it, does it made any noise?” must, in a communications context, be answered negatively（否定地）. However, for communication to be successful, the meaning must be imparted （告知）and also understood. A letter written in Portuguese addressed to a person who doesn’t read Portuguese can’t be considered communication until it’s translated into a language the person does read and understand. Communication is the transferring and understanding of meaning. Perfect communication, if such a thing were possible, would exist when a transmitted thought or ideas was perceived by the receiver exactly as it was envisioned （设计）by the sender. Another point to keep in mind （不忘记，列入考虑）is that good communication is often erroneously defined by the communicator as agreement instead of clarity of understanding. If someone disagrees with us, many of us assume that the person just didn’t fully understand our position. In other words, many of us define good communication as having someone accept our views. But I can understand very clearly what you mean and not agree with what you say. In fact, when observers conclude that a lack of communication must exist because a conflict has continued for a prolonged time, a close examination often reveals that there’s plenty of effective communication going on. Each fully understands the other’s position. The problem is that effective communication is being equated with agreement. The Communication Process Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as message to be conveyed, must exist. It passes between a source (the sender) and a receiver. The message is converted to symbolic form (called encoding) and passed by way of some medium (channel)