第2篇动物的形态与功能第6章高等动物的结构与功能精选.ppt

6.2 动物体的结构层次 6.2.2 器官：多种组织结合而成，具有特定功能(different tissues are organized into functional units called organs)。 6.2.3 系统：一些在功能上相关联的器官联合 在一起，合作完成某种生命必需的功能(groups of organs that work together provide an additional level of organization and coordination and make up an organ system)。 All epithelia are polarized DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Typical Location Tendons（腱）;ligaments（韧带） sheath（鞘） around muscles; kidney; liver; dermis(真皮) of skin Function Provides flexible, strong connections Characteristic Cell Types Fibroblasts（成纤维细胞） CARTILAGE Typical Location Spinal（脊骨） discs; knees and other joints; ear; nose; tracheal（气管） rings Function Provides flexible support, shock absorption, and reduction of friction on load-bearing surfaces Characteristic Cell Types Chondrocytes（软骨细胞） BONE Typical Location Most of skeleton Function Protects internal organs; provides rigid support for muscle attachment Characteristic Cell Types Osteocytes（骨细胞） Bone-forming cells called osteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen. Calcium, magnesium, and phosphate ions combine into a hard mineral within the matrix. The combination of hard mineral and flexible collagen makes bone harder than cartilage without being brittle. BLOOD Typical Location Circulatory system Function Functions as highway of immune system and primary means of communication between organs Characteristic Cell Types Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets A muscle fiber, or muscle cell. Each muscle fiber is composed of numerous myofibrils（肌原纤维）, which, in turn, are composed of actin and myosin filaments. Each muscle fiber is multinucleate as a result of its embryological development from the fusion of smaller cells. CARDIAC muscle Typical Location Walls of heart Function Highly interconnected cells; promotes rapid spread of signal initiating contraction Characteristic Cell Types Cardiac muscle cells Organs are body structures composed of several different tissues that form a structural and functional unit. One example is the heart, which contai