StructuresPropertiesofCeramics.pptxVIP

1 Chapter 12: Structures Properties of Ceramics ISSUES TO ADDRESS... ? How do the crystal structures of ceramic materials  differ from those for metals? ? How do point defects in ceramics differ from those  defects found in metals? ? How are impurities accommodated in the ceramic lattice? ? How are the mechanical properties of ceramics  measured, and how do they differ from those for metals? ? In what ways are ceramic phase diagrams different from  phase diagrams for metals? 2 ? Bonding: -- Can be ionic and/or covalent in character. -- % ionic character increases with difference in electronegativity of atoms. Adapted from Fig. 2.7, Callister Rethwisch 8e. (Fig. 2.7 is adapted from Linus Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, 3rd edition, Copyright 1939 and 1940, 3rd edition. Copyright 1960 by Cornell University.) ? Degree of ionic character may be large or small: Atomic Bonding in Ceramics 3 Ceramic Crystal Structures Oxide structures oxygen anions larger than metal cations close packed oxygen in a lattice (usually FCC) cations fit into interstitial sites among oxygen ions 4 Factors that Determine Crystal Structure 1. Relative sizes of ions – Formation of stable structures: --maximize the # of oppositely charged ion neighbors. Adapted from Fig. 12.1, Callister Rethwisch 8e. stable stable Charge C. G. 5 ? Coordination # increases with Coordination # and Ionic Radii Adapted from Table 12.2, Callister Rethwisch 8e. 2 Coord # 0.155 0.155 - 0.225 0.225 - 0.414 0.414 - 0.732 0.732 - 1.0 3 4 6 8 linear triangular tetrahedral octahedral cubic To form a stable structure, how many anions can surround around a cation? UNIT CELL- ATOM RATIO ION LOCATIONS 6 Computation of Minimum Cation-Anion Radius Ratio Determine minimum rcation/ranion for an octahedral site (C.N. = 6) a = 2ranion 7 Bond Hybridization Bond Hybridization is possible when there is significant covalent bonding hybrid electron orbitals