微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细.docx

微观经济学名词解释Chapter 1 business cycle 经济周期fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economics经济学; 经济，国家的经济状况the study of how society manages its scarce缺乏的，罕见的 resources efficiencyn.功效; 效率，效能; 实力，能力; [物] 性能;the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equalityn.同等，平等; [数] 相等，等式;the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society externality[,ekst??n?l?t?]外部性the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人incentive something that induces a person to act Inflation[?nfle??(?)n]an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy marginal changes small incremental增加的 adjustments to a plan of action market economy an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散;decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services market failure a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[??l?ke?t] resources efficiently market power the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices opportunity cost whatever must be given up to obtain some item productivity the quantity of goods and services produced from each unit of labor input property rights the ability of an individual to own and exercise control over scarce resources rational people people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives scarcity the limited nature of society’s resources Chapter 2 circular-flow diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomics [,m?kr??i?k?n?m?ks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomics [,ma?kr??i?k?n?m?ksthe study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets normative[n??m?t?v]标准的 st