消费者选择理论.pptVIP

* * * * * 57 * * * 57 * 58 * 58 * * * * * * * * 23 * * 24 * * 25 * 26 * * 27 * * 30 * * 34 * 34 * * 35 * * * * 41 * * 44 * 48 * 45 * 51 * * * * 54 * * 55 * 55 * 穷人更偏好现金还是实物转移支付Do the poor prefer to receive cash or in-kind transfers? 假如一种产品的实物转移植入迫使接受者消费比自己的意愿更多的商品时，接受者更偏好于现金转移支付。 If an in-kind transfer of a good forces the recipient to consume more of the good than he would on his own, then the recipient prefers the cash transfer. 穷人更偏好现金还是实物转移支付Do the poor prefer to receive cash or in-kind transfers? 假如接受者消费比自己意愿更少的产品时，现金和实物转移支付实际上对其消费和福利的影响是相同的。 If the recipient does not consume more of the good than he would on his own, then the cash and in-kind transfer have exactly the same effect on his consumption and welfare. 现金转移支付 实物转移支付 (a) 预算没有被限制时 Nonfood Consumption 0 $1,000 $1,000 Food A B I2 I1 BC1 BC2 (1000美元现金) Nonfood Consumption 0 Food A B I2 I1 BC1 BC2 (1000美元食品券) 现金与实物转移支付 Cash versus In-Kind Transfers... 现金转移支付 实物转移支付 (b)预算被限制时 Nonfood Consumption 0 $1,000 $1,000 Food A B I2 I1 BC1 BC2 (1000美元现金) Nonfood Consumption 0 Food A B I2 I1 BC1 BC2 (1000美元食品券) 现金与实物转移支付 Cash versus In-Kind Transfers... C I3 总结Summary 消费者预算约束线表示在其收入与物品价格既定时，他可以购买的不同物品的可能组合。 A consumer’s budget constraint shows the possible combinations of different goods he can buy given his income and the prices of the goods. 预算约束线的斜率等于这些物品的相对价格。 The slope of the budget constraint equals the relative price of the goods. 消费者的无差异曲线代表他的偏好。 The consumer’s indifference curves represent his preferences. 总结Summary 对较高无差异曲线上各点的偏好大于较低无差异曲线上的各点。 Points on higher indifference curves are preferred to points on lower indifference curves. 无差异曲线上任何一点的斜率等于消费者的边际替代率。 The slope of an indifference curve at any point is the consumer’s marginal rate of substitution. 消费者通过选择既在预算约束线上又在最高无差异曲线上的一点来实现最优化。 The consumer optimizes by choosing the point on his budget constraint that lies on the highest indifference curve. 总结Summary 当一种物品价格下降时，对消费者选择的影响可以分解为收入效应与替代效应。 When the price of