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身體防衛Body defence 17.7 身體防衛Body defence : body defence is a function of the body for protecting mammals from diseases caused by pathogens. 身體防衛是身體的一種功能以保護哺乳類免受病原體的侵襲。 Our body are protected from the infection of pathogen by : 我們的身體透過下列方法免受病原體的感染： 非專一性防衛法Non-specific defence methods : skin : prevent the entry of pathogens. 皮膚：防止病原體的入侵。 Cilia and mucus on the lining of the respiratory tract trap pathogens and dust particles. The trapped pathogens are moved up, through the beating action of cilia, to the throat. They are then swallowed into the stomach. 纖毛和黏液：呼吸道上的纖毛和黏液能過濾及黏著病原體和塵粒，黏附在一起的 病原體會被向上推送至喉部並被吞至胃中。 Acid in stomach : gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes which can destroy most of the pathogens in food. 胃酸：胃液含有鹽酸和消化酵素可殺死食物中大部分的病原體。 Blood platelets : clotting of blood at wounds prevents excessive bleeding thus educes the length of exposure time of the wound. 血小板：在傷口的血凝塊可防止失血過多，及減少傷口暴露於空氣中的時間，從 而減少受感染的機會。Phagocytosis : phagocytes (white blood cells) can pass through the capillary walls and engulf pathogens. 吞噬細胞：吞噬細胞(白血球)可穿過微血管壁吞噬病原體。 Inflammation : the blood vessels in the infected area dilate, more blood flow there. More phagocytes come out from the blood to engulf the pathogens. Because of the extra fluid, the infected skin there becomes red, swollen and painful. 發炎：受感染區的血管會舒張，較多的血液流至該區，血液中的吞噬細胞會從血液進入組織吞食及殺死病原體。由於有額外的液體積聚，發炎的皮膚會變得紅腫及有少許疼痛。專一性防方法Specific defence methods : (1) Production of antibodies : the pathogen acts as an antigen which stimulates the production of specific chemicals called antibodies by lymphocytes (white blood cells). 產生抗體：病原體作為抗原會刺激淋巴球(白血球)產生一種稱為抗體的化學 物。Antibodies drill holes on antigens, 抗體在病原體上鑽孔(溶菌作用)， Help phagocytes to engulf pathogens or 促進吞噬作用， Make the antigens stick together, preventing them from entering cells or reproducing. 將病原體黏在一，防止它們進入細胞或繁殖。 (4) Neutralize the toxins