generegulation10.11.2011选编.ppt

Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes and Epigenetics Canhe CHEN School of Life Sciences, XMU Refresh: Topic I--- regulatory factors Transcription is Controlled by Regulatory Proteins Positive regulators or activators Negative regulators or repressors Mechanism of transcription activation by activators 1. Interacting with parts of the transcription machinery. 2. Recruiting nucleosome modifiers that alter chromatin in the vicinity of a gene. histone acetyl transferases chromatin remodeling complex Mechanism of transcription inhibition by repressors recruit nucleosome modifiers Recruit histone deacetylases Competes with the activator for an overlapped binding site physically interacts with an activator physically interacts with the transcription machinery Insulator: cis-acting elements . prevent activating the non-specific genes . prevent spreading of heterochromatin How can mutiactivators be integrated to form a functional regulator ? Cooperative binding of NFAT and AP1 transcription factors at IL-2 promoter Interferon ? enhancer Cooperative binding of specific transcription factors can form an enhanceosome Scheme for enhanceosome formation at b-interferon enhancer. Two monomeric factors IRF3 and IRF7 and two dimeric ATF-2/c-Jun and p50/p65 (NF-kB). HMGI is sequence-nonspecific factor, which bends DNA by binding in minor groove. It also coordinates the binding of other proteins each to other. Cells of the two mating types (a and a) differ because they express different sets of genes: a specific genes and a specific genes. Mating Type Specific Gene * 4-3. DNA Methylation Is Associated with Silenced Genes in Mammlian cells. DNA甲基化与哺乳动物细胞的沉默基因相关联。【注DNA甲基化不是组蛋白甲基化】 Some mammalian genes are kept silent by methylation of nearby DNA sequences. Large regions of mammalian genome are marked by methylation of DNA sequences, which is often seen in heterochromatic regions. [Why?] The methylated DNA sequences are often recognized by DNA-binding proteins (such as MeC