儿童贫困问题-IFPRI2020conferences.pptVIP

POOR CHILDREN, CHILDREN IN NEED AND NEEDS OF CHILDREN: CHILD VULNERABILITY TO POVERTY 贫困儿童，需要帮助的儿童和儿童的需求：儿童贫困问题 Chris de Neubourg Beijing 2007 Maastricht University ernance.unimaas.nl CHILD POVERTYwhat is different ?儿童贫困有何不同？ Children are in most countries more likely to be poor than adults 在大多数国家儿童比成年人更容易陷入贫困 Reasons for looking more specifically at child poverty: 特别关注儿童贫困的原因： Children are affected by poverty differently than adults 贫困对儿童的影响不同于成年人 Handa 2007 早期大脑发育的“敏感时期” 双眼视觉 中枢神经 习惯反应 语言 情绪控制 符号 社交能力 相对数量 敏感程度 年龄 Paxson and Shady 2005 最富有的25% 最贫穷的25% 按财富排 TV I P 指数中位数 Vocabulary scores by SES quartiles in 36- to 72-month old children Ecuador CHILD POVERTYwhat is different ?儿童贫困有何不同？ Children are in most countries more likely to be poor than adults 在大多数国家儿童比成年人更容易陷入贫困 Reasons for looking more specifically at child poverty: 特别关注儿童贫困的原因： Children are affected by poverty differently than adults 贫困对儿童的影响不同于成年人 Have less options for getting out of poverty on their own 依靠自身摆脱贫困的手段较少 Are depending on the – unequal – distribution of resources within the households 依赖家庭内部不平等的资源分配 If done well child focused analyses lead to better child focused policies 如果以儿童为中心的分析做得好将会提高以儿童为中心的政策的质量 Heckman Carneiro 2003, Handa 2007 学龄前干预 学龄前 上学阶段 毕业后 学校教育 职业培训 人力资源投资回报率 大脑发育 年龄 95% enrolment 70% enrolment South Africa KIDS panel 1993 – 1998, Handa 2007 70%入学 95%入学 1998年入学率（7岁以上） 南非 KIDS数据 1993-1998 POVERTY IN MONEY TERMStraditional approaches to child poverty财产贫困研究儿童贫困的传统方法 Most commonly child poverty is estimated as the percentage of the children living in poor households 通常用生活在贫困家庭中的儿童的比率来估算儿童贫困 Poor households are defined as households having resources (or consumption) below a minimum standard 贫困家庭是指那些资源（或消费）低于最低标准的家庭 WHAT’S THE PROBLEM WITH THIS DEFINITION ?这一定义有何缺陷？ Monetary poverty does not tell a complete story: 财产贫困不能全面反映问题： Not all the children living in poor households live in poor conditions; 不是所有贫困家庭中的儿童都生活在贫困中； More importa