OffAxis Afterglow Emission from Jetted GammaRay Bursts从喷射伽马射线暴余辉发射轴.pptVIP

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2017-03-08 发布于上海
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OffAxis Afterglow Emission from Jetted GammaRay Bursts从喷射伽马射线暴余辉发射轴.ppt

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OffAxis Afterglow Emission from Jetted GammaRay Bursts从喷射伽马射线暴余辉发射轴

Physics of GRB Jets Jonathan Granot KIPAC @ Stanford Outline of the Talk: Observational evidence for jets in GRBs The jet dynamics: degree of lateral expansion Semi-Analytic models Simplifying the dynamical Eqs.: 2D ? 1D Full hydrodynamic simulation The Jet Structure: how can we tell what it is Afterglow polarization Statistics of the prompt afterglow emission Afterglow light curves Off-axis viewing angles X-ray flashes Conclusions Observational Evidence for Jets in GRBs Dynamics of GRB Jets: Lateral Expansion A uniform jet with sharp edges (even at t tjet) The shock front is a part of a sphere within θ θjet The velocity is in the radial direction (even at t tjet) Lateral expansion in a velocity of cs ? c/?3 or ? c in the local rest frame The jet dynamics are obtained by solving simple 1D equations for conservation of energy and momentum Most works assume a uniform external medium (ISM) Simplified Jet Dynamics: dR? ? ?jetdR + csdt’ ? (?jet + cs/c?)dR d?jet/dR ? (dR?/dR - ?jet)/R ? cs/c?R ? ?jet ~ ?0 + cs/c? The jet edges become visible when ? ~ 1/ ?0 Sideways expansion becomes large ? ~ (cs/c) / ?0 Quick Dirty: E/c2 ~ ?ext(R)R3(?jet)2?2 + ?jet ~ cs/c? ? R ~ const Implications: Afterglow Light Curve Most models predict a jet break but differ in the details: The time of the jet break tjet (by a factor of ~20) Temporal slope F?(? ?m,t tjet) ? t-?, ? ~ p (±15%) The sharpness of the jet break (~1- 4 decades in time) Kumar Panaitescu (2000) predicted a significantly smoother jet break for a stellar wind environment (this was reproduced in other works, but not observed yet) Simplifying the Dynamics: 2D ? 1D Integrating the hydrodynamic equations over the radial direction significantly reduces the numerical difficulty This is a reasonable approximation as most of the shocked fluid is within a thin layer of width ~ R/10?2 Numerical Simulations:(JG et al. 2001; Cannizzo et al. 2004; Zhang Macfayen 2006) The hydro-code should allow for both ? ? 1 and ?