P402 Building Surveys And Bulk Sampling For Analysisp402建筑调查、分析取样体积.pptVIP

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P402 Building Surveys And Bulk Sampling For Analysisp402建筑调查、分析取样体积.ppt

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P402 Building Surveys And Bulk Sampling For Analysisp402建筑调查、分析取样体积

W507 – Types of health effects Types of health effects Asphyxiation Irritation Narcosis Systemic toxicity Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity Sensitisation (allergic reaction) Reproductive effects Asphyxiation Asphyxiants can reduce the level of oxygen in the body to dangerous levels Two types – simple asphyxiants and chemical asphyxiants Simple asphyxiants Chemically inert – they reduce the amount of oxygen in the air by displacing it in an enclosed environment Air normally contains 21% oxygen If reduced below about 16% it can result in unconsciousness At lower levels can lead to death Examples include nitrogen, argon, helium, methane Chemical asphyxiation Prevent normal uptake or use of oxygen in the body Haemoglobin in red blood cells, transports oxygen around the body as oxyhaemoglobin. Carbon monoxide binds strongly with haemoglobin forming carboxyhaemoglobin. This reduces the amount of haemoglobin available to transport oxygen. Hydrogen cyanide – fast acting asphyxiant that prevents normal uptake of oxygen into the cells Irritation An irritant can cause inflammation on contact with the skin or mucous membranes Acute effects include Skin – redness Eyes – itchy, red or watery Upper respiratory tract – coughing, sneezing (in severe cases lungs may produce excess fluid causing breathing difficulties Examples include ammonia, chlorine, oxides of nitrogen etc Irritation Chronic exposure can also lead to other effects Chronic exposure to respiratory irritant can cause bronchitis Chronic exposure to skin irritants can lead to dermatitis – symptoms include dry flaking skin, itchy, redness, inflammation Extreme form of irritation is from contact with corrosive substances that can cause tissue damage from which the tissues generally do not recover e.g. concentrated acids, alkalis Narcosis A narcotic substance depresses the normal function of the central nervous system (CNS) Symptoms may include fatigue, headaches, light headedness and euphoria at higher ex