PowerPoint Presentation The Deep Sea Benthos and PowerPoint演示文稿的深海底栖生物和.pptVIP

Geol 104/BioES 154 Geol104/BioES154 Geol104/BioES154 Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Communities Geol 104/BioES 154 Comparison with Other Deep-Sea Benthic Environments Most deep-sea environments are characterized by: Low availability of food No light, no photosynthesis Falling remains of dead organisms, decaying organic matter Low (0-2°C), relatively constant temperature High pressure (400-500 times atmospheric) Geol 104/BioES 154 Summary of General Biological Characteristics of Deep-Sea Macrofauna Reproduction and Development Late reproductive maturity Slow development Physiology Low metabolic rate and activity level Ecological Long lived species Slow colonization rates Low population densities, but high species diversity Geol 104/BioES 154 Hydrothermal Vents Vents are associated with mid-ocean ridges, spreading centers. Cold waters percolate into crust and are geothermally heated before being vented at very high temperatures. Vent waters are not only hot, but low in oxygen and rich in metals and hydrogen sulfide. Geol 104/BioES 154 Hydrothermal Vent Communites 25 years of exploration have revealed: A new phylum At least 20 new families Over 90 new genera Over 300 new species Over 250 new strains of free-living bacteria Biomass Up to 30 kg/m2 1000 x greater than typical biomass observed on deep-sea floor Geol 104/BioES 154 Vestimentiferan worms (Riftia pachyptila ) Serpulid polychaete worms Hydrothermal Vent Macrofauna: Worms Geol 104/BioES 154 Giant clams (Calyptogena magnifica) Mussels (Bathymodiolus thermophilus) Hydrothermal Vent Macrofauna: Bivalves Geol 104/BioES 154 What supports this abundance of life around hydrothermal vents? What is the energy source for this ecosystem? Geol 104/BioES 154 Chemosynthesis Basis of life around deep sea hydrothermal vents is chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis. Chemical energy rather than solar energy supports the ecosystem. Bacteria rather than plants are the primary producers. Aer