Production of Enzymes BPWEB生产的酶bpweb.pptVIP

Production of Enzymes Learning objective: To be able to explain why it is more efficient to use isolated enzymes than whole cells. To be able to explain how contamination of end products is eradicated. To be able to describe how this process occurs. Uses of enzymes commercial uses- e.g. biological washing powders medical uses- e.g. biosensors, therapeutic enzymes, drugs industrial uses - e.g. bioconversion, fruit juice extraction, sweeteners Enzyme production Surface and submerged techniques: Surface = enzyme produced on the surface of a solid medium Submerged = the mould or bacterium producing the enzyme is grown throughout a liquid medium Advantages and disadvantages? Submerged – more yield as growth throughout but aeration necessary What type of medium would you use to stimulate a microbe to synthesise a protease? A medium with proteins but no amino acids is used. The microbe must produce a lot of protease because as the enzyme leaves the cell it doesn’t immediately come into contact with protein that it can break down – more protease produced to maximise the amount of amino acids from the small amount of protein. Down stream processing The remaining mixture contains enzymes, waste materials, nutrients and cells The enzyme is extracted by downstream processing Immobilised enzymes When purified enzymes are used to make large quantites of another product, downstream processing can be difficult and expensive. Immobilising enzymes is cheaper. Enzyme molecules are attached to a support matrix rather than free in solution. They still function properly but can be kept separate from the reactants and the products. Immobilised enzymes are usually used in continuous flow-through re-actors, which have a low volume. Isolated enzymes can be immobilised so that they do not contaminate the end product and can be used again and again Methods of Immobilisation Entrapment The enzyme is entrapped within an inert matrix, such as alginate, silica or collagen, and cannot be wash