Soil Biology University of Minnesota Duluth明尼苏达大学土壤生物学德卢斯.pptVIP

Like bacteria: immobilize nutrients in soil Produce organic acids; increases humic-acid-rich OM that is resistant to degradation Lasts in soil for 100s of years Mini-movie Mycorrhizae: symbiotic absorbing organisms infecting plant roots, formed by some fungi Mutualists Get carbon from plant Give to plant: Solubilize P; bring soil nutrients to plant normal feature of root systems, esp. trees increase nutrient availability in return for energy supply plants native to an area have well-developed relationship with mycorrhizal fungi Ectomycorrhizae Grow on surface layers of roots trees On pine root Mini-movie endomycorrhizae Grow within root cells Grasses, crops, vegetables, shrubs Mini-movie 12% Earthworms  (Macrofauna: 1 cm long) ANNELIDS several types: epigeic (litter) anecic (burrow) endogeic (in soil) Mini-movie Other Macrofauna (5%) and Mesofauna(3%) CHORDATES (vertebrates) mammals, amphibians, reptiles PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms) ASCHELMINTHES (roundworms, nematodes) MOLLUSKS (snails, slugs) ARTHROPODS : (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, myriapoda) vertebrates Squirrels, mice, groundhogs, rabbits, chipmunks, voles, moles, prairie dogs, gophers, snakes, lizards, etc. Contribute dung and carcasses Taxicabs for microbes nematodes Nonsegmented, blind roundworms 20,000 species Eat bacteria or fungi or plants (stylet) And protozoa, other nematodes, algae Specialized mouthparts Can sense temperature and chemical changes nematode mini-movie arthropods ? of all living organisms Exoskeleton, jointed legs, segmented body Insects Crustaceans Arachnids Myriapoda Shredders Microbial taxis springtails Mini-movie mites Mini-movie Feeding Habits Carnivores : parasites and predators Phytophages: eat above ground green plant parts, roots, woody parts Saprophages: eat dead and decaying OM Microphytic feeders: eat spores, hyphae, lichens, algae, bacteria Distribution with depth most active biotic horizons correspond wit