The Minds Eye Functional Magnetic Resonance 脑功能磁共振.pptVIP

FUNCTIONAL MRIin MOTOR IMAGERY JEFFREY S. ROSS, M.D. NEURORADIOLOGY CLEVELAND CLINIC FOUNDATION ROSSJ1@CCF.ORG FUNCTIONAL MRI BRAIN IS UNIQUE Strong relation between location and function MULTIPLE TECHNIQUES TO EVALUATE FUNCTION Clinical cases (strokes, tumors, epilepsy, etc.) Animal lesion studies EEG, MEG, etc. Direct intraoperative electrical stimulation Functional imaging (PET, FMRI) BASICS Change in local brain activity Change in local brain metabolism Change in local hemodynamics BASICS IMAGE DURING 2 BEHAVIORAL STATES Control state Activation state “DIFFERENCE” IMAGE SHOWS “ACTIVATED” BRAIN Brain activated depends critically on design of task Tasks carefully designed to isolate function of interest BLOOD FLOW USED AS ENDOGENOUS CONTRAST BOLD FMRI basics BOLD: Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent Signal changes based on blood O2 level Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) diamagnetic Deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) weakly paramagnetic Paramagnetic substance Causes local magnetic field heterogeneity Shortens T2, T2* relaxation times Lowers signal in tissue BOLD effect BOLD EFFECT BLOOD O2 LEVEL Blood flow Tissue metabolism NEURAL ACTIVATION Increase in local blood flow greater than Increase in local O2 extraction Increased capillary, venous HbO2 More HbO2 causes increased signal SMALL DELAYED WITH RESPECT TO STIMULUS ONSET LASTS A FEW SECONDS FIELD STRENGTH DEPENDENT BOLD EFFECT fMRI signal SIGNAL CHANGES OF 2-5% STRONGLY FIELD DEPENDENT LAG TIME FOR RESPONSE, AT LEAST 300 msec UP TO 4s PROBLEMS IMAGE NOISE MOTION SENSITIVE Head motion under 0.5 mm can ruin data SILENT REGIONS MAKE NOTHING OF WHAT YOU DON’T SEE ACTIVATED REGIONS ACTUAL CONTRIBUTION TO COGNITIVE TASK? ANATOMICAL ACCURACY LOCALIZATION OF EXTENT OF ACTIVATION ASSUME ACTIVATION TAKES FORM OF DISCRETE LOCAL INCREASE IN FLOW PROBLEMS PARADIGM DESIGN ASSUME BRAIN IN STABLE COGNITIVE STATE DURING MEASUREMENT HOW OFTEN REPEATED HOW EASY/HARD TO PERFORM NATURAL OR TIGHTLY CONTROLLED COGNITIVE DEMANDS EMOTIONS MACROSCOPIC LAN