Time and Frequency Measurements and Applications时间和频率的测量和应用.pptVIP

General Concepts of Time and FrequencyMetrology NIST Boulder Laboratories Types of Time and Frequency Information Date and Time-of-Day records when an event happened Time Interval duration between two events Frequency rate of a repetitive event Two units of measurement in the International System (SI) apply to time and frequency metrology Second (s) standard unit for time interval one of 7 base SI units Hertz (Hz) standard unit for frequency (s-1) events per second one of 21 SI units derived from base units The relationship between frequency and time Period The period is the reciprocal of the frequency, and vice versa. Period is expressed in units of time. An Oscillating Sine Wave Units of Time Interval second (s) millisecond (ms), 10-3 s microsecond (?s), 10-6 s nanosecond (ns), 10-9 s picosecond (ps), 10-12 s femtosecond (fs), 10-15 s Units of Frequency hertz (Hz), 1 event per second kilohertz (kHz), 103 Hz megahertz (MHz), 106 Hz gigahertz (GHz), 109 Hz An Oscillating Sine Wave Wavelength The wavelength is the length of one complete wave cycle. Wavelength is expressed in units of length. wavelength in meters = 300 / frequency in MHz Frequency BandsHigher frequencies means shorter wavelengths We Use a Wide Range of Frequencies“Everyday” frequencies in time and frequency metrology Clocks and Oscillators Clocks and Oscillators A clock is a device that counts cycles of a frequency and records units of time interval, such as seconds, minutes, hours, and days. A clock consists of a frequency source, a counter, and a output device. The frequency source is known as an oscillator. A good example is a wristwatch. Most wristwatches contain an oscillator that generates 32768 cycles per second. After a watch counts 32768 cycles, it can record that one second has elapsed. A oscillator is a device that produces a periodic event that repeats at a nearly constant rate. This rate is called the resonance frequency. Since the best clocks contain