Uses of Geography Fort Bend ISD地理本德堡ISD的使用.pptVIP

History of Cartography/GIS1.2 Historical Foundations Evidence of early maps: Babylonians- earth as flat circular disk on clay tablets Pre-Columbian maps in MX- footprints to rep. roads Eskimos- ivory/wooden coast maps Incas- relief maps of stone and clay Chinese- lit. refers to maps 7th century BCE Plato- 1st to say world is round Aristotle- proved it with Earth’s shadow crossing the moon CARTOGRAPHY Hipparchus- 1st grid system, but lines followed natural features Eratosthenes: 1st to coin term “geography” Determined Earth’s circumference using the angle of the sun and two points on Earth 99.5% correct! Divided Earth into 5 climate regions CARTOGRAPHY Ptolmey- Compiled first atlas for library in Alexandria (“Guide to Geography”) Remained geocentric ? Calculated Earth to ? actual size Fixed Hipparchus’ lines Ptolemy’s 1st world map (150 CE) 14th century- Marco Polo inspired others 16th century- Mercator Projection for mariners 17th century- continents/oceans correctly displayed 19th century- Nat’l Geographic Society formed Metric System simplified, universal Prime Meridian estab. 20th century Aerial photographs, remote sensing, GIS, GPS, etc. Modern Tools Remote Sensing- acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Used primarily for environmental applications Global Positioning System- determines precise location of something on Earth Used primarily of navigation Geographic Information Systems * * *