Water Hardness Cape Fear Community College水的硬度恐惧社区学院.pptVIP

* * * * WATER HARDNESS WATER HARDNESS Definition Concerns Scaling Cleaning Public Health CAUSES Cations causing hardness Anions Ca2+ HCO3- Mg2+ SO42- Sr2+ Cl- Fe2+ NO- Mn2+ SiO32- Table 19.1. Principle cations causing hardness in water and the major anions associated with them SOURCES From USGS WATER HARDNESS RATING mg/L as CaCO3 Degree of Hardness 0-60 Soft water 61-120 Moderately hard water 121-180 Hard water 180 Very hard water From USGS METHODS OF DETERMINATION Complete Cation Analysis Most accurate Calculation of the hardness caused by each ion is performed by use of the general formula: Hardness (mg/L) as CaCO3 = M2+ (mg/L) X 50 EW of M2+ where M2+ represents any divalent metallic ion and EW represents equivalent weight EXAMPLE OF COMPLETE CATION ANALYSIS Calculate the hardness of a water sample with the following analysis: Cation Concentration (mg/L) Anion Concentration (mg/L) Na+ 20 Cl- 40 Ca2+ 15 SO42- 16 Mg2+ 10 NO3- 1 Sr2+ 2 Alkalinity 50 EXAMPLE OF COMPLETE CATION ANALYSIS Cation EW Hardness, mg/L as CaCO3 Ca2+ 20.0 (15)(50)/(20.0) = 37.5 Mg2+ 12.2 (10)(50)/(12.2) = 41.0 Sr2+ 43.8 (2)(50)/(43.8) = 2.3 Total hardness = 80.8 METHODS OF ANALYSIS Titrimetric Method Burette A piece of glassware designed to deliver known amounts of liquid into another container EDTA Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid Chelating agent Substance whose molecules can form several bonds to a single metal ion Multi-dentate ligands Many clawed; holding onto the metal ion to form a very stable complex 4-6 bonds EBT Eriochrome Black Indicator A WORD ABOUT MOLES A mole used in chemistry is something like the term ‘dozen’ we use every day. The atomic weight of any element, expressed in grams, contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms. There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms of oxygen in 16 g of oxygen There are 6.02 x 1023 atoms of hydrogen in 1 g of hydrogen A mole simply means that you have 6.02 x 1023 of whatever you’re talking about Avogadro’s number MOLARITY Def