普通语言学》第7次课课件.ppt

《普通语言学概论》第 7 次课第二章 语音学和音位学(3) 第三节 从语音学到音位学 本次课的任务 1. 简要复习上次课所学的内容。 2. 主要内容：音位理论 [音位概念，音位规则] 3. 重点难点：协同发音，音位和音位变体等。 4. 学习目标：了解音位理论和音位规则。 5. 知识特点：概念比较抽象，环环相扣。 6. 学习方法：结合实例理解概念，循序渐进；体系 化。 7. 学习要求：重在理解；持久专注。 2.3.1 Coarticulation and Phonetic Transcriptions So far we have been investigating how individual sound segments are articulated, but speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the next in a series of separate steps. Rather, sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. For example, if a nasal consonant (such as [m]) precedes an oral vowel (such as [?] in map), some of the nasality will carry forward so that the vowel [?] will begin with a somewhat nasal quality. This is because in producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow airflow through the nasal tract. To produce the following vowel [?], the soft palate must move back to its normal position. Of course it takes time for the soft palate to move from its lowered position to the raised position. This process is still in progress when the articulation of [?] has begun. Similarly, when [?] is followed by [m], as in lamb, the velum will begin to lower itself during the articulation of [?] so that it is ready for the following nasal. ①When such simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved, we call the process COARTICULATION. ②If the (preceding) sound becomes more like the following sound, as in lamb, it is known as ANTICIPATORY COARTICULATION. ③If the (following) sound shows the influence of the preceding sound, it is PERSEVERATIVE COARTICULATION, as is the case of map. The fact that the vowel [?] in lamb has some quality of the following nasal is a phenomenon we call NASALIZATION. The IPA chart contains a set of diacritics for the purpose of transcribing the minute difference between variations of the same sound. To indicate that a vowel has been nasalized, we add a curved line to the top of the symb