专英弟二课翻译.docVIP

Collection of wastewater（废水的收集）The “Shambles” is a street or area in many medieval English cities（单词“Shambles”在中世纪的英国城市是指一条街或地区）, like London and York（如伦敦和纽约）. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries（在18和19世纪）, Shambles were commercialized areas（意指商业化地区）, with meat packing as a major industry（是一个把屠宰和分割肉制品作为主业的地方）. The butchers of the Shambles would throw all of their waste into the street（区域内的屠户会把所有的废弃物扔在街上）, where is was washed away by rainwater into drainage ditches（这些废弃物在下雨时被冲入排水沟）. The condition of the street was so bad that it contributed its name to the English language originally as a synonym for butchery or a bloody battlefield（因为环境是如此的恶劣，它在英文中的原始含义就是屠场或血腥场地的同义词）.In old cities（在老城里）, drainage ditches like those at the Shambles were constructed for the sole purpose of moving storm water out of the cities（排水沟的唯一目的跟它们最初建在Shambles里一样，就是用于排放雨水）. In fact, discarding human excrement into these ditches was illegal in London（实际上，把人类排泄物排入这些沟渠是非法的）. Eventually, the ditches were covered over and became what we now know as storm sewers（最终，这些沟渠被遮盖起来，并且变成了我们现在所知道的雨水管道）. As water supplies developed and the use of the indoor water closet increased（随着城市供水和室内厕所的发展）, the need for transporting domestic wastewater（排放家庭污水）, called sanitary waste（即生活污水）, became obvious（变得显而易见）. In the United States（在美国）, sanitary wastes were first discharged into the storm sewers（生活污水首先被排入雨水道）, which then carried both sanitary waste and storm water and were known as combined sewers（它们既排放生活污水，也排放雨水，被称为合流制下水道）. Eventually a new system of underground pipes（最终一种新的地下管道系统出现了）, known as sanitary sewers（即生活污水排水管道）, was a constructed for removing the sanitary wastes（被建造用于专门输送排放生活污水）. Cities and parts of cities built in the twentieth century almost all built separate sewers for sanitary waste and storm water（在20世纪所建设的城市或城市部分，基本上都建设了分流制排水系统分别排放生活污水和雨水）.Estimation Wastewater Quantities（排水量计算）Domestic wastewater (sewage) comes from various sources within the home（生活污水来自于家庭各处）, including the washing mac