市场福利.pptVIP

1 Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets 消费者、生产者与市场效率 本节我们将探索这些问题的答案 What is consumer surplus? How is it related to the demand curve?什么是消费者剩余？它与需求曲线有什么联系？ What is producer surplus? How is it related to the supply curve?什么是生产者剩余？它与供给曲线有什么联系？ Do markets produce a desirable allocation of resources? Or could the market outcome be improved upon?市场能使资源达到合意的配置吗？还是市场结果有改善的余地？ Welfare Economics Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. 福利经济学是研究资源配置如何影响经济福利的一门学问。 Willingness to Pay Consumer Surplus Consumer surplus is the buyer’s willingness to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.消费者剩余是指买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量。 消费者剩余=支付意愿–市场价格 Consumer surplus measures the benefit that buyers receive from a good as the buyers themselves perceive it. 消费者剩余衡量了买者从一种物品中得到的自己感觉到的利益。 The Demand Schedule The Demand Curve Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve Measuring Consumer Surplus with the Demand Curve How the Price Affects Consumer Surplus How the Price Affects Consumer Surplus The Costs of Sellers Cost and the willingness to sell Cost refers to the opportunity cost, which means the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.卖者为了生产一种物品而必须放弃的每种东西的价值（也是机会成本） Cost is a measure of seller’s willingness to sell her goods or services, is the lowest price she would accept for her goods or services 成本衡量了出售意愿，即卖方能接受的出售自己商品的最低价格。 The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve The Supply Schedule and the Supply Curve PRODUCER SURPLUS Producer surplus is the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost. 生产者剩余是卖者出售一种物品得到的量减去其生产的成本。 生产者剩余=市场价格 – 成本 Producer surplus measures the benefit sellers receive from participating in a market. 衡量卖者从参与市场中得到的利益。 Measuring Producer Surplus with the Supply Curve Measuring Producer Surplus with the Supply Curve How the Price Affects Producer Surplus How the Price Affects Producer Surplus Total surpl