有机化学第三讲.pptVIP

McMurry Organic Chemistry 6th edition Chapter 3 (c) 2003 3. Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry Why this Chapter Alkanes are unreactive, but provide useful vehicle to introduce important ideas about organic compounds Alkanes will be used to discuss basic approaches to naming organic compounds We will take an initial look at 3-D aspects of molecules 3.1 Functional Groups Functional group - collection of atoms at a site that have a characteristic behavior in all molecules where it occurs The group reacts in a typical way, generally independent of the rest of the molecule For example, the double bonds in simple and complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way Functional Groups with Multiple Carbon–Carbon Bonds Alkenes have a C-C double bond Alkynes have a C-C triple bond Arenes have special bonds that are represented as alternating single and double C-C bonds in a six-membered ring Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded to an Electronegative Atom Groups with a Carbon–Oxygen Double Bond (Carbonyl Groups) Survey of Functional Groups Survey of Functional Groups 3.2 Alkanes and Alkane Isomers Alkanes: Compounds with C-C single bonds and C-H bonds only (no functional groups) Connecting carbons can lead to large or small molecules The formula for an alkane with no rings in it must be CnH2n+2 where the number of C’s is n Alkanes are saturated with hydrogen (no more can be added They are also called aliphatic compounds Alkane Isomers CH4 = methane, C2H6 = ethane, C3H8= propane The molecular formula of an alkane with more than three carbons can give more than one structure C4 (butane) = butane and isobutane C5 (pentane) = pentane, 2-methylbutane, and 2,2-dimethylpropane Alkanes with C’s connected to no more than 2 other C’s are straight-chain or normal alkanes Alkanes with one or more C’s connected to 3 or 4 C’s are branched-chain alkanes Constitutional Isomers Isomers that differ in how their atoms are arranged in chains are called constitut