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Transport viewed as a catalytic process.pdf
Biochimie 89 (2007) 1042e1048
/locate/biochi
Transport viewed as a catalytic process
Martin Klingenberg*
Institute fu¨r Physiologische Chemie der Universita¨t Mu¨nchen, Schillerstra?e 44, 80336 Mu¨nchen, Germany Received 7 December 2006; accepted 16 February 2007 Available online 24 February 2007
Abstract
Transport catalysis is analysed in terms of the ‘‘induced transition ?t’’ (ITF) concept. The essentials of ITF are brie?y elucidated, emphasizing the difference of substrateeprotein interactions between enzymes and carriers exempli?ed by the paradigm ADP/ATP carrier (AAC). Two of the numerous applications of the ITF are discussed in more detail: unidirectional passive and active transport and the relation of substrate site type inhibitors to the carrier conformations. According to ITF in most cases of unidirectional transport intrinsic binding energies may be insuf?cient for transport catalysis and requires additional energy from ATP or electrochemical gradients. The impacts of external energy on the carrier cycle are examined for ABC transporters (mdr) and for cationesubstrate co-transporters (LacY). The relations of inhibitors to the binding site of the carrier are discussed, given the paradigm examples of side speci?c inhibitors of the AAC. Results with the AAC suggest the induction of an abortive ground state by inhibitors, representing extreme side speci?c conformation of the binding center. ó 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Membrane transport; Carriers; Catalysis; Transporters; ABC transporters; Cation co-transporters
In enzymes catalysis is a well-de?ned function [1,2], however, little use of the catalysis concept has been made in the study of biomembrane transporters [3e7]. Enzymes facilitate chemical changes similar to chemical catalysts, but carriers facilitate a vectorial reaction only, and there appears no obvious reason to apply the catalyst concept. Yet a more detailed comparison of the substrateeprotein interaction of carrier
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