管理学robbins11-7概要.pptx

Management 11th editionStephen P. Robbins Zhao Mingxia School of Economics and Management, Shanxi University Part III Plan Chapter 7 Managers as Decision Makers Chapter 8 Foundations of planning Chapter 9 Strategic Management Module II Planning Tools and Techniques 2017-4-8 2 Describe the eight steps in the decision-making process Explain the four ways managers make decisions Classify decisions and decision-making conditions Describe different decision-making styles and discuss how biases affect decision making Identify effective decision-making techniques Chapter 7 Managers as Decision Makers 7.1 The decision-making process Decision决策 - making a choice from two or more alternatives. top-level managers middle and lower-level managers all organizational members Decision making is a process The Decision Making Process Identifying a problem and decision criteria and allocating weights to the criteria Developing, analyzing, and selecting an alternative that can resolve the problem Implementing the selected alternative Evaluating the decision’s effectiveness Exhibit 7-1: Decision-Making Process Step 1: Identifying a Problem 确定问题 Problem - an obstacle that makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal or purpose. problem identification is subjective 主观的. Characteristics of Problems A problem becomes a problem when a manager becomes aware of it. There is pressure to solve the problem. The manager must have the authority, information, or resources needed to solve the problem. Step 2: Identifying Decision Criteria 确定决策标准 Decision criteria are factors that are important (relevant) to resolving the problem, such as: Costs that will be incurred (investments required) Risks likely to be encountered (chance of failure) Outcomes that are desired (growth of the firm) Exhibit 7-2: Important Decision Criteria Step 3: Allocating Weights to the Criteria 为标准赋权重 Decision criteria are not of equal importance: Assigning a weight to each item