BitsandBytes课件.pptVIP

Bits and Bytes Today Why bits? Binary/hexadecimal Byte representations Boolean algebra Expressing in C Why don’t computers use Base 10? Base 10 number representation “Digit” in many languages also refers to fingers (and toes) Of course, decimal (from latin decimus) , means tenth A position numeral system (unlike, say Roman numerals) Natural representation for financial transactions (problems?) Even carries through in scientific notation Implementing electronically Hard to store ENIAC (First electronic computer) used 10 vacuum tubes / digit Hard to transmit Need high precision to encode 10 signal levels on single wire Messy to implement digital logic functions Addition, multiplication, etc. Binary representations Base 2 number representation Represent 1521310 as 111011011011012 Represent 1.2010 as 1.0011001100110011[0011]…2 Represent 1.5213 X 104 as 1.11011011011012 X 213 Electronic Implementation Easy to store with bistable elements Reliably transmitted on noisy and inaccurate wires Straightforward implementation of arithmetic functions Byte-oriented memory organization Programs refer to virtual addresses Conceptually very large array of bytes Actually implemented with hierarchy of different memory types SRAM, DRAM, disk Only allocate for regions actually used by program In Unix and Windows NT, address space private to particular “process” Program being executed Program can manipulate its own data, but not that of others Compiler + run-time system control allocation Where different program objects should be stored Multiple mechanisms: static, stack, and heap In any case, all allocation within single virtual address space How do we represent the address space? Hexadecimal notation Byte = 8 bits Binary 000000002 to 111111112 Decimal: 010 to 25510 Hexadecimal 0016 to FF16 Base 16 number representation Use characters ‘0’ to ‘9’ and ‘A’ to ‘F’ Write FA1D37B16 in C as 0xFA1D37B Or 0xfa1d37b Machine words Machine has “word size” Nominal size of inte