空间统计与地学分析cs相关性.pptxVIP

空间统计与地学分析 武汉大学 Spatial statistics geographical analysis Measurement What are the 4 levels of measurement? 1. Nominal or Classificatory Scale Gender, name 2. Ordinal or Ranking Scale Hardness of rocks, beauty, military ranks 3. Interval Scale Celsius or Fahrenheit 4. Ratio Scale Kelvin temperature, speed, height, mass or weight 2 Measures of Association Summarize the strength of association between two variables. How strong is the association or relationship between two variables? Some Measures of Association can also tell one the direction of the relationship between two variables. Interpretation of association: X causes Y, Y causes X X and Y are activated by one or more other variables X and Y influence each other reciprocally 3 Measures of Association: Interval/Ratio Pearson correlation coefficient (r) For continuous linearly related variables Correlation ratio (eta) For nonlinear data or relating a main effect to a continuous dependent variable Biserial One continuous and one dichotomous variable with an underlying normal distribution Partial correlation Three variables; relating two with the third’s effect taken out Multiple correlation Three variables; relating one variable with two others Bivariate linear regression Predicting one variable from another’s scores 4 Measures of Association: Ordinal Gamma Based on concordant-discordant pairs; proportional reduction in error (PRE) interpretation Kendall’s tau b P-Q based; adjustment for tied ranks Kendall’s tau c P-Q based; adjustment for table dimensions Somers’s d P-Q based; asymmetrical extension of gamma Spearman’s rho Product moment correlation for ranked data 5 Measures of Association: Nominal Phi Chi-square based for 2*2 tables Cramer’s V CS based; adjustment when one table dimension 2 Contingency coefficient C CS based; flexible data and distribution assumptions Lambda PRE based interpretation Goodman Kruskal’s tau PRE based with table marginals emphasis Uncertainty coefficient Useful for multidim