lecture 2,3 and 4.ppt

English Lexicology(II) Chapter 2 Word Formation 2.1 Morphemes 2.2 Derivation 2.3 Conversion 2.4 Compounding 2.1 Morphemes 2.1.1 Morphemes 2.1.2 Types of Morphemes 2.1.3 Allomorphs 2.1.1 Morphemes The definition of a morpheme The morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. A word is the smallest unit of a language that stands alone to communicate meaning. Structurally, however, a word is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into smaller meaningful units. Words are composed of morphemes. What is usually considered a single word in English may be composed of one or more morphemes. 2.1.1 Morphemes The definition of a morpheme Example One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize 2.1.2 Types of Morphemes Free morphemes(自由词素) Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are content morphemes or free roots(自由词根). man, earth, wind, faith, red, write…. 2.1.2 Types of Morphemes Bound Morphemes(粘着词素) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Unlike free morphemes, they do not have independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed). They are also called grammatical morphemes. 2.1.2 Types of Morphemes Types of bound morphemes Bound roots(粘着词根): A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. For example: dict- conveys the meaning of ‘say or speak’contradict, predict, contradiction, prediction, dictate, dic