北大普心张智勇ppt-教学与学习.ppt

Thought and Language Chapter 8 Peking University ELIZA 1960s, MIT A Conversationalist: Demonstrating that it recognizes works and know what rules to use to maintain a dialogue. What distinguishes ELIZA from human? Relation between thought and language? In what ways peoples get to learn language? Thought Thinking, means representing things mentally and operating on these representations. Outline Units of Thought: Images, Concepts, and Propositions Reasoning, Problem Solving, and Decision Making Language 1. Units of Thought: Images, Concepts, and Propositions Mental Images Mental Models Concepts and Categories Propositions 1.1 Mental Images and Mental Models Mental Image A visual representation of a stimulus. Mental Models Representations of systems that enable people to describe, explain, and predict the way things work. 1.2 Concepts and Categories Concepts Mental representation of a class of objects, ideas, or events that share common properties. Categorization The process of grouping objects considered equivalent and excluding those that are not. Visualized more than visual image(car) Well-defined Fuzzy Concepts(good) Concepts and its Organization Set Theory Set of Defining(core) Features Feature Integration Model Prototypes 原型 Bird----robin penguin 概念与归类 水果样例的典型性 概念的形成 Hypothesis-testing Theory 整体策略 部分策略 同时性扫描 连续性扫描 保守性聚焦 博弈性聚焦 1.3 Propositions The smallest units of meaning that can stand alone as an assertion and be judged true or false. 2. Reasoning, Problem Solving, and Decision Making Reasoning Problem Solving Decision Making Factors That Interfere with Rational Thinking Parallel Distributed Processing Using Computers to Simulate Thought A Different Perspective: psychodynamic/behavioral view 2.1 Reasoning Reasoning the process by which people generate and evaluate logical arguments Inductive Reasoning----observation reasoning from specific observations to generate propositions that are probably true. Deductive Reasoning----idea Drawing conclusions fro