新编简明英语语言学教程Unit2.docxVIP

PHONOLOGYPhonetics定义：①Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.②A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. e.g. [p] bilabial, stop分为哪几个Cavity? ---Speech organs①The pharyngeal cavity-the throat ②The oral cavity-the mouth ③The nasal cavity- the nose [m],[n],[ ?]The speech organs: ①lips唇; ②teeth齿;③ teeth ridge(alveolus)齿龈;④ hard palate硬腭; ⑤soft palate（velum）软腭; ⑥uvula小舌;⑦ tip of tongue舌尖; ⑧blade of tongue舌面; ⑨back of tongue舌根; ⑩vocal cords声带; 11 pharyngeal cavity咽部; 12 nasal cavity鼻腔Broad transcription: used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes, without diacritics. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes. e.g. clear [ pit ] Narrow transcription: used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ]P20The description of English consonants.PlacemannerVoic-ingBila-bialLabio-dentalDentalAlveo-larPalatalVelar Glottal Stops or plosivesVL[ p ][ t ] [ k ] VD[ b ][ d ][ g ]Frica-tivesVL[f][θ][ s ][?][h]VD[ v ][e][ z ][?]Affri-catesVL([t?] )[t?]VD([d?])[d?]NasalsVD[m][n][?]LiquidsVD[l], [r]Glides VD[w][j]P21[?][??][e][??][?][u:][u][a:][?][a][?][i:][l]?The feature ‘unrounded’ is usually omitted since all front vowels in English are unrounded.?Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of tense and lax vowels.P22Phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Phonetics phonology对比音位学和语音学?Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.?Phonetics is of general nature; it is int