语言学讲义考研 Pragmatics.pptVIP

考研讲义8 Pragmatics Grace Tan 主要考点 言语行为的定义，种类，实例分析 合作原则及其四条准则的内容，实力分析 会话含义 语句意义和句子意义的区别 T/F The cooperative principle, an important pragmatic principle proposed by Grice, aims to explain how we mean more than we say. A sentence is a grammatical unit and an utterance is a pragmatic notion. According to Searle‘s classification of speech acts, request, order, suggest and advise all belong to the same one general class because they are all intended by the speaker to get the hearer to do sth. TTT Multiple choice 1.An illocutionary act is identical with __ A.sentence meaning b.the speaker,s intention C.lg understanding d.the speaker,s competence 2.the indirect speech act was developed by A.John Austin B.Levinson C.John Lyons D.John Searle Definition Pragmatics is generally the study of natural language understanding, and specifically the study of how context influences the interpretation of meanings. In another word it is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreters. In 1937,the American philosopher Charles William Morris introduced the word “Pragmatics” into literature. 莫里斯（C.Morris）和卡耐基（R.carnap）在1938年《符号基础理论》中提出符号三分说： 句法学（符号关系学）Syntactics 是研究符号与符号之间的关系；语义学semantics是研究符号与符号所指对象的关系；语用学pragmatics则是研究符号与符号解释者的关系。 Semantics Pragmatics Both are concerned with study of meaning. 没有第一层次的研究，很难进行第二层次的研究 语用意义不能脱离语言本身因有的内在意义 语义学是对语言能力(competence)的研究 语用学是对语言行为(performance)的研究 语言行为是语言能力的具体体现actual realization Chomsky Semantics Pragmatics Peter bought a car. It was Peter who bought a car. It was a car that Peter bought. What peter bought was a car. 句法学：说明这些句子是同一深层经过不同转换的结果 语义学：这些句子都是同义的。 语用学：这些句子都是不同的。 恭喜你 语音学家:分析其中每个字的发音以及整个句子的语调。 句法学家:指出这是一个无主语的祈使句，有一个动词加一个代词组成。 语义学家:这句话的意思：向某个人表示祝贺。 语用学家:将结合具体语境，考虑说话人是谁，“你”又是谁，说话人在怎样的情况下向“你”道喜，他是真的道喜，还是挖苦嘲讽，甚至是泄愤？ Pragmatics may also be defined as the study of language in actual use. Meaning in pragmatics is different from the meaning we studied in semantics mo