chapter11 solidarity.pptxVIP

Chapter11Solidarity and politeness 1 by 张晓华 Contents 1. Introduction When we speak, we must constantly make choices of many different kinds: a. what we want to say; b. how we want to say it; c. the specific sentences types, words, and sounds that best unite the what with the how. How we say something is at least as important as what we say. In fact, the content and the form are quite inseparable, being but two facets of the same object. “What” and “How” we speak? One way of looking at this relationship is to examine a few aspects of communication: a. pronominal choice between tu(ni) and vous(nin) forms in languages that require a choice; b. the use of naming and address terms; c. the employment of politeness markers. social relationship between speakers and listeners 2. Tu and Vous (1) 2.1 Tu and Vous (1) Many languages have a distinction corresponding to the tu-vous distinction in French, where grammatically there is a “singular you” tu (T) and a “plural you” vous (V) but usage requires that you use vous with individuals on certain occasions. According to Brown and Gilman(1960s), the T/ V distinction began as a genuine difference between singular and plural. T: single form, familiarity and informalityf----tu (ni, “你”） V: plural form, respect and politeness---vous （nin，“您”） Tu and Vous (2) A classification of a semantic contrast in the pronominal systems of different languages: Language type T-form V-form Latin tu vos Greek esi esis English thou you French tu vous Russian ty vy Italian tu lei German du