种群和种群结构理念.pptVIP

H1 种群和种群结构 要 点 H2 出生率、死亡率和种群增长 要 点 H3 密度和密度制约 要 点 H4 种群动态——波动、周期和混沌 要 点 种群密度周期性变化 * * 种 群 种群是一定区域内同种生物个体的集合。种群间的边界可以是任意的。种群可以根据组成种群的生物是单体生物还是构件生物进行分类。在单体生物种群中，每一受精卵发育成一单个个体。在构件生物种群中，受精卵发育成一个结构单位，这一结构单位再形成更多的构件和分支结构。然后这些结构可能分裂，形成许多无性系分株。 肯尼亚的斑马种群 H1 POPULATIONS AND POPULATION STRUCTURE A population is a group of organisms of the same species which occupies a given area. The boundaries between populations can be arbitrary. Populations may be categorized as consisting of either unitary or modular organisms. In unitary populations, each zygote gives rise to a single individual. In modular organisms, the zygote develops into a unit of construction which gives rise to further modules and a branching structure. The structure may then may then fragment producing many individual ramets. Key Notes Population 种群大小 对于单体生物和种群如哺乳类，其种群大小就是一定区域内个体的数量，非常简单。对于构件生物，如植物和珊瑚，情况就较复杂。对于这些种群，“断片”（无性系分株）或枝条（构件）的数目比不同个体的数量更有意义代表多度。 种群密度一般 种群密度很高 The population size for unitary organisms, such as mammals, is simply the number of individuals in a given area. For modular organisms, such as plants and corals. The situation is more complex. In this case the number of ‘pieces’ (ramets) or the number of shoots (modules) may give a more meaningful indication of abundance than the number of different individuals. Population size 年龄和时期 结构 种群的年龄结构是每一年龄阶段个体数目的比率，通常以年龄金字塔图来表示。既不增长也不下降的种群有稳定的年龄分布。增长型的种群有更多的年轻个体，而在下降型种群中年老的个体占优势。当种群经历离散和发育时期（如昆虫的龄期）时，每一时期个体的数目（“时期结构”）可以对种群进行有效的描述。对于生长率无法预测的物种（如植物），根据大小分类可能更有意义。 相关主题 出生率、死亡率和种群增长（H2） 竞争的性质（I1）密度和密度制约（H3） 捕食的性质（J1）种群动态——波动、周期和混沌（H4） The age structure of a population is the number of individuals in each age class expressed as a ratio, and is usually displayed nor contracting nor contracting will have a stationary age distribution. A growing population will have more young. While a declining population will be dominated by older age classes. Where organisms pass through discrete growth stag