ChapterTwoPhoneticsandPhonology讲稿.pptVIP

Chapter Two Phonology Tony Yang A General View Phonetics Phonology More to know Phonetics(语音学) What’s phonetics? Phonetics is the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds. Three branches of phonetics: A. articulatory phonetics (发音语音学)： the study of the production of speech sounds. B. auditory phonetics (听觉语音学): the study of the perception of speech sounds. C. acoustic phonetics (声学语音学): the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Organs of speech (发音器官) 1/2 lips 3/4 teeth 5 teeth ridge (alveolus)(齿龈) 6 hard palate(硬腭) 7 soft palate (velum)(软腭) 8 tip of tongue(舌尖) 9 blade of tongue(舌面) 10 back of tongue(舌根) 11 pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) 12 glottis/vocal cords(声带) 13 windpipe(气管) 14 uvula(小舌) 15. nasal cavity(鼻腔) 咽腔 14 15 Orthographic (正规拼写的) representation of speech sounds IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标): A standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription (标注). The present one mainly derives from one developed in the 1920 by the British phonetician, Daniel Jones, revised in 1993, updated in 1996. Diacritics(发音符号/辨音符): a set of symbols in IPA, added to the letter-symbols to bring out finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do. For example, [～],[ ],[ ],[ ],[ ]etc. Broad transcription(宽式音标): The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. Narrow transcription(严式音标): The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. h = ﹒ A dichotomy(二分法) of English speech sounds 1. Vowels(20): Speech sounds which are produced with no obstruction(阻塞) in the vocal tract(声道), so no turbulence(震动) or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 2. Consonants(24): Speech sounds which are produced by constricting(