管理学课件第7章计划的基础(Planning)分解.ppt

思考 俗话说:”车到山前必有路,所以企业管理者事先所做的计划根本没作用.”你认为这种看法是否正确?为什么? 目前许多企业的管理人员都认为:计划跟不上变化,所以制定计划根本没有用.这样的说法对不对,为什么? 孙子兵法中说:多算胜,少算不胜.从企业管理者角度看,这里的算主要是指什么? Types of planning Types of planning Informal: not written down, short-term focus; specific to an organizational unit. Formal: written, specific, and long-term focus, involves shared goals for the organization. 7–* Exhibit 7–7 Planning in the Hierarchy of Organizations 7–* Approaches to Planning Establishing a formal planning department A group of planning specialists who help managers write organizational plans. Planning is a function of management; it should never become the sole responsibility of planners. Involving organizational members in the process Plans are developed by members of organizational units at various levels and then coordinated with other units across the organization. 7–* Contemporary Issues in Planning Criticisms of Planning Planning may create rigidity(计划可能会造成刚性). Plans cannot be developed for dynamic environments.(动态的环境是难以计划的) Formal plans cannot replace intuition and creativity.(正式计划不能代替直觉和创造性) Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s competition not tomorrow’s survival.(计划工作有可能将管理者的注意力集中在今天的竞争而不是明天的生存上) Formal planning reinforces today’s success, which may lead to tomorrow’s failure.(正式的计划会强化成功，但也会因此导致失败) 7–* Contemporary Issues in Planning (cont’d) Effective Planning in Dynamic Environments Develop plans that are specific but flexible. Understand that planning is an ongoing process. Change plans when conditions warrant. Persistence in planning eventually pay off. Flatten the organizational hierarchy to foster the development of planning skills at all organizational levels. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. *? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. *? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. *? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. *? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. *? 2007 Prentice Hall, Inc