遗传学概念及理论英文版教学.pptVIP

Turner’s syndrome – only 45 chromosomes, missing a sex chromosome (X) Girls affected – short, slow growth, heart problems Klinefelter’s syndrome – 47 chromosomes, extra X chromosomes (XXY) Boys affected – low testosterone levels, underdeveloped muscles, sparse facial hair Having an extra set of chromosomes is fatal in animals, but in plants it makes them larger and hardier. Hardier Gene or Point Mutation most common and least drastic only one gene is altered Genetics Notes Who is Gregor Mendel? Principle of Independent Assortment – Inheritance of one trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait “Father of Genetics” Traits Genetics – study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring Traits are determined by the genes on the chromosomes. A gene is a segment of DNA that determines a trait. Chromosomes come in homologous pairs, thus genes come in pairs. Homologous pairs – matching genes – one from female parent and one from male parent Example: Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs. One set from dad – 23 in sperm One set from mom – 23 in egg Gene for eye color (blue eyes) Gene for eye color (brown eyes) Homologous pair of chromosomes One pair of Homologous Chromosomes:  Alleles – different genes (possibilities) for the same trait – ex: blue eyes or brown eyes Dominant and Recessive Genes Gene that prevents the other gene from “showing” – dominant Gene that does NOT “show” even though it is present – recessive Symbol – Dominant gene – upper case letter – T Recessive gene – lower case letter – t Dominant color Recessive color Example: Straight thumb is dominant to hitchhiker thumb T = straight thumb t = hitchhikers thumb (Always use the same letter for the same alleles— No S = straight, h = hitchhiker’s) Straight thumb = TT Straight thumb = Tt Hitchhikers thumb = tt * Must have 2 recessive alleles for a recessive trait to “show” Both genes of a pair