句子成分与结构课件.doc

英语句子成分结构 一、英语句子成分及句子结构的概念 句子是按一定语法规则组成，能表达一个比较完整的意思，并有一定语调的相对完整而独立的语言单位。 句子的分类 句子按使用目的分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。从结构上又可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。 2．句子的成分 构成句子的基本单位称为句子成分。根据它们在句子中的不同作用分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等七种。①主语（subject） 是句子所论述的主题，也可以说是谓语的陈述对象。主语通常由名词（或名词短语）、代词、数词、不定式、动词-ing形式、“无人称”it以及名词性从句充当。 Betty likes her new bike. To learn a foreign language is not easy.②谓语（predicate） 由动词构成，说明主语的行为动作或所处的状态。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。 简单谓语由动词或动词词组构成。 They arrived yesterday. He turned off the light just now. b.复合谓语,由“情态动词或助动词+动词”或由“连系动词+表语”构成。 We must study English hard. They have lived here for twenty years.③宾语（object） 是及物动词或及物动词短语的接受者，也可用于介词之后构成介词短语。 宾语有直接宾语（direct object）和间接宾语（indirect object）之分。 Tom bought a story-book. I saw him yesterday. He gave me some ink.④表语（predicative） 说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与连系动词一起构成复合谓语。表语通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词或从句充当。 Her sister is a nurse. We were at home last night. His cup is broken. This is why she often cries.⑤补语（complement） 表示主语或宾语的身份、特征或与主语或宾语相同的概念。补语有主语补足语和宾语补足语之分。 宾语补足语 We elected him monitor. The teacher thought the girl rather clever. 主语补足语 将上面两个主动句变为被动句后，宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语。 He was elected monitor (by us). The girl was thought rather clever (by the teacher)⑥定语（attribute） 是描述名词、代词的修饰语，常和名词一起构成名词短语。定语有前置定语（多为单词形式）和后置定语（多为副词、短语或从句）之分。 This is a green jeep. Are these students your classmates? I have something to tell you.⑦状语（adverbial） 是修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或句子的成分；有时间状语、地点状语、方式状语、比较状语、程度状语、目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语和频率状语等。 You are quite right. She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. He stopped to have a look. Well set out if it is fine tomorrow.简单句的五种基本句型 ①主语+连系动词+表语（S+V+P） The bike is new. ②主语+不及物动词（S+V） He swims. ③主语+及物动词+ 宾语（S+V+O） Children often sing this song. ④主语+及物动词+ 间接宾语+直接宾语（S+V+IO+DO） She showed her friends all her pictures. ⑤主语+及物动词+ 宾语+宾语补足语（S+V+O+C） We keep our classroom clean and tidy. 二、英语句子成分和英语句子结构练习 (一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 ① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here. ③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother