Treatment of acid mine drainage by four vertical flow wetlands in Pennsylvania.pdfVIP

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Treatment of acid mine drainage by four vertical flow wetlands in Pennsylvania.pdf

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Treatment of acid mine drainage by four vertical flow wetlands in Pennsylvania

Treatment of acid mine drainage by four vertical flow wetlands in Pennsylvania J. Demchak1, T. Morrow2 J. Skousen1 1West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA (e-mail: jskousen@wvu.edu) 2Clarion University, Clarion, PA, USA ABSTRACT: Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a serious problem in many watersheds where coal is mined. Passive treatments, such as wetlands and anoxic limestone drains (ALDs), have been developed, but these technologies show varying treatment efficiencies. A new passive treatment technique is a vertical flow wetland or successive alkalinity producing system (SAPS). Four SAPS in Pennsylvania were studied to determine changes in water chemistry from inflow to outflow. The Howe Bridge SAPS removed about 130 mg l1 (40%) of the inflow acidity concentration and about 100 mg l1 (60%) iron (Fe). The Filson 1 SAPS removed 68 mg l1 (26%) acidity, 20 mg l1 (83%) Fe and 6 mg l1 (35%) aluminium (Al). The Sommerville SAPS removed 112 mg l1 (31%) acidity, exported Fe, and removed 13 mg l1 (30%) Al. The McKinley SAPS removed 54 mg l1 (91%) acidity and 5 mg l1 (90%) Fe. Acid removal rates at our four sites were 17 (HB), 52 (Filson1), 18 (Sommerville) and 11 (McKinley) g of acid per m2 of surface wetland area per day (g/m2 d1). Calcium (Ca) concentrations in the SAPS effluents were increased between 8 and 57 mg l1 at these sites. Equilibrators, which were inserted into compost layers to evaluate redox conditions at our sites, showed that reducing conditions were generally found at 60 cm compost depths and oxidized conditions were found at 30 cm compost depths. Deeply oxidized zones substantiated observations that channel flow was occurring through some parts of the compost. The Howe Bridge site has not declined in treatment efficiency over a six year treatment life. The SAPS construction costs were equal to about seven years of NaOH chemical treatment costs and 30 years of lime treatment costs. So, if the SAPS treatment longevity is seven years or gr