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IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 17, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 1999 1829 Angle and Time of Arrival Statistics for Circular and Elliptical Scattering Models Richard B. Ertel and Jeffrey H. Reed, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract— With the introduction of antenna array systems into wireless communication networks comes the need to better understand the spatial characteristics of the channel. Scattering models provide both angle of arrival (AOA) and time of arrival (TOA) statistics of the channel. A number of different scattering models have been proposed in the literature including elliptical and circular models. These models assume that scatterers lie within an elliptical and circular region in space, respectively. In this paper, the joint TOA/AOA, the marginal TOA, and the marginal AOA probability density functions (pdf’s) are derived for the elliptical and circular scattering models. These pdf’s provide insight into the properties of the spatial wireless channel. Index Terms—Antenna arrays, propagation. I. INTRODUCTION F OR beamforming and emitter localization applications in which an array of sensors is used to receive communi- cation signals, it is necessary to have channel models that provide angle of arrival (AOA) and time of arrival (TOA) information about the multipath components. To meet this challenge, geometrically based single bounce channel models have been proposed. These models assume that scatterers are randomly located in two-dimensional space according to a joint probability density function (pdf). For convenience, this joint pdf will be referred to as the scatterer density function or just scatterer density. From the assumed scatterer density, it is possible to derive the joint TOA/AOA, marginal AOA, and marginal TOA pdf’s of the multipath components. Various scattering models have been proposed in the litera- ture [1]–[6]. Here we consider only the circular and elliptical models described in [1] and [2], respectively. The first assumes a u