Bogoliubov Angle, Particle-Hole Mixture and Angular Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy in.pdfVIP

a r X i v : 0 8 0 7 .1 8 9 3 v 1 [ c o n d - m a t .s u p r - c o n ] 1 1 J u l 2 0 0 8 Bogoliubov Angle, Particle-Hole Mixture and Angular Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy in Superconductors. Alexander V. Balatsky,1 W. S. Lee,2 and Z. X. Shen2 1Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA 2Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 (Dated: Printed July 11, 2008) Superconducting excitations —Bogoliubov quasiparticles — are the quantum mechanical mixture of negatively charged electron (-e) and positively charged hole (+e). We propose a new observ- able for Angular Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES) studies that is the manifestation of the particle-hole entanglement of the superconducting quasiparticles. We call this observable a Bogoliubov angle. This angle measures the relative weight of particle and hole amplitude in the superconducting (Bogoliubov) quasiparticle. We show how this quantity can be measured by com- paring the ratio of spectral intensities at positive and negative energies. PACS numbers: Pacs Numbers: i) BA and particle-hole mixture in paired states. The analog of the conduction electrons in the superconductors are the quasiparticles. Unlike electrons, the supercon- ducting quasiparticles do not carry definite charge. The same quantum mechanical dualism that allows electron to be at the same in two states is at play when one con- siders the Bogoliubov quasiparticles in superconducting state: the quasiparticle is a coherent combination of an electron and its absence (“hole”). Particle-hole dualism of quasiparticles is responsible for a variety of profound phenomena in superconducting state such as Andreev re- flection, the particle-hole conversion process that is only possible in superconductor. In this paper we introduce a quantity tha