Data cube A relational aggregation operator generalizing group-by, cross-tab, and sub-total.pdf
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Data cube A relational aggregation operator generalizing group-by, cross-tab, and sub-total
P1: RPS/ASH P2: RPS
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery KL411-02-Gray March 5, 1997 16:21
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 1, 29–53 (1997)
c? 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Manufactured in The Netherlands.
Data Cube: A Relational Aggregation Operator
Generalizing Group-By, Cross-Tab, and Sub-Totals
?
JIM GRAY Gray@M
SURAJIT CHAUDHURI SurajitC@M
ADAM BOSWORTH AdamB@M
ANDREW LAYMAN AndrewL@M
DON REICHART DonRei@M
MURALI VENKATRAO MuraliV@M
Microsoft Research, Advanced Technology Division, Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond,
WA 98052
FRANK PELLOW Pellow@vnet.IBM.com
HAMID PIRAHESH Pirahesh@Almaden.IBM.com
IBM Research, 500 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120
Editor: Usama Fayyad
Received July 2, 1996; Revised November 5, 1996; Accepted November 6, 1996
Abstract. Data analysis applications typically aggregate data across many dimensions looking for anomalies
or unusual patterns. The SQL aggregate functions and the GROUP BY operator produce zero-dimensional or
one-dimensional aggregates. Applications need the N -dimensional generalization of these operators. This paper
defines that operator, called the data cube or simply cube. The cube operator generalizes the histogram, cross-
tabulation, roll-up, drill-down, and sub-total constructs found in most report writers. The novelty is that cubes
are relations. Consequently, the cube operator can be imbedded in more complex non-procedural data analysis
programs. The cube operator treats each of the N aggregation attributes as a dimension of N -space. The aggregate
of a particular set of attribute values is a point in this space. The set of points forms an N -dimensional cube.
Super-aggregates are computed by aggregating the N -cube to lower dimensional spaces. This paper (1) explains
the cube and roll-up operators, (2) shows how they fit in SQL, (3) explains how users can define new aggregate
functions for cubes, and (4) discusses efficient techniques to compute the cube. Many of these features are
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