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music, feeling,and the human brain
Music, Feelings, and the Human Brain
Assal Habibi and Antonio Damasio
University of Southern California
Music of varied kinds consistently triggers a large range of drives and emotions, which, in turn, induce
a particular class of mental experiences known as feelings. The feelings are often pleasurable, though not
necessarily. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies, in normal individuals as well as in patients
with focal neurological lesions, reveal that music can change the state of large-scale neural systems of
the human brain. The changes are not confined to brain sectors related to auditory and motor processing;
they also occur in regions related to the regulation of life processes (homeostasis), including those related
to emotions and feelings, most prominently in the insula and cingulate cortices, in the ventral striatum,
in the amygdala, and in certain upper brainstem nuclei. The ease with which music leads to feelings, the
predictability with which it does so, the fact that human beings of many cultures actively seek and
consume music, and the evidence that early humans engaged in music practices lead us to hypothesize
that music has long had a consistent relation to the neural devices of human life regulation. It is
conceivable that, as a result, music-induced feelings can be informative and nourishing at the individual
level and can also operate as significant promoters of sociocultural organization. We venture that the
close relationship between music and feelings along with music’s effectiveness in certain personal and
social contexts, that is, its roles in homeostasis, explain, at least in part, the considerable degree of
selection and replication of music-related phenomena, both biologically and culturally. As the invention
of music forms continued and as intellectual analysis of compositions and reflection on music expanded,
the practices and uses of music became less closely aligned with its affective and homeostatic aspects
and, to a certain
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