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OntoNotes A Unified Relational Semantic Representation
OntoNotes: A Unified Relational Semantic Representation
Sameer S. Pradhan
BBN Technologies
Cambridge, MA 02138
Eduard Hovy
ISI/USC
Marina Del Rey, CA 90292
Mitch Marcus
University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA 19104
Martha Palmer
University of Colorado
Boulder, CO 80309
Lance Ramshaw
BBN Technologies
Cambridge, MA 02138
Ralph Weischedel
BBN Technologies
Cambridge, MA 02138
Abstract
The OntoNotes project is creating a corpus of large-
scale, accurate, and integrated annotation of multiple lev-
els of the shallow semantic structure in text. Such rich,
integrated annotation covering many levels will allow for
richer, cross-level models enabling significantly better au-
tomatic semantic analysis. At the same time, it demands
a robust, efficient, scalable mechanism for storing and ac-
cessing these complex inter-dependent annotations. We de-
scribe a relational database representation that captures
both the inter- and intra-layer dependencies and provide
details of an object-oriented API for efficient, multi-tiered
access to this data.
1 Introduction
The OntoNotes project is addressing the challenge of
large-scale, accurate, and integrated annotation of multiple
levels of the shallow semantic structure in text. Experience
has shown that when individual levels like syntactic parse
structure, propositional structure, and semantic role labels
can be annotated with high consistency (inter-tagger agree-
ment, or ITA), then machine learning models can also be
implemented to predict those structures with only somewhat
lower accuracy. The premise of OntoNotes is that integrated
annotation covering many levels will allow for richer, cross-
level models enabling significantly better automatic seman-
tic analysis.
Given that goal, the mechanism used to store and access
the annotation becomes a key part of the research, and not
just a tool support issue. The representation has to correctly
capture the dependencies between the different annotation
layers, so that consistency can b
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