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Shading by invasive shrub reduces seed production and pollinator services in a native.pdf

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Shading by invasive shrub reduces seed production and pollinator services in a native

ORIGINAL PAPER Shading by invasive shrub reduces seed production and pollinator services in a native herb Amy M. McKinney ? Karen Goodell Received: 1 June 2009 / Accepted: 18 December 2009 Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 Abstract Plant invasions disrupt native plant repro- duction directly via competition for light and other resources and indirectly via competition for pollina- tion. Furthermore, shading by an invasive plant may reduce pollinator visitation and therefore reproduc- tion in native plants. Our study quantifies and identifies mechanisms of these direct and indirect effects of an invasive shrub on pollination and reproductive success of a native herb. We measured pollinator visitation rate, pollen deposition, and female reproductive success in potted arrays of native Geranium maculatum in deciduous forest plots invaded by the non-native shrub Lonicera maackii and in two removal treatments: removal of above- ground L. maackii biomass and removal of flowers. We compared fruit and seed production between open-pollinated and pollen-supplemented plants to test for pollen and light limitation of reproduction. Plots with L. maackii had significantly lower light, pollinator visitation rate, and conspecific pollen deposition to G. maculatum than biomass removal plots. Lonicera maackii flower removal did not increase pollinator visitation or pollen deposition compared to unmanipulated invaded plots, refuting the hypothesis of competition for pollinators. Thus, pollinator-mediated impacts of invasive plants are not limited to periods of co-flowering or pollinator sharing between potential competitors. Geranium maculatum plants produced significantly fewer seeds in plots containing L. maackii than in plant removal plots. Seed set was similar between pollen-supple- mented and open-pollinated plants, but pollen-sup- plemented plants exhibited higher seed set in plant removal plots compared to invaded plots. Therefore, we conclude that the mechanism of impa