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VIOLENT RELAXATION, PHASE MIXING, AND GRAVITATIONAL LANDAU DAMPING.pdf

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VIOLENT RELAXATION, PHASE MIXING, AND GRAVITATIONAL LANDAU DAMPING

THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 500 :120è128, 1998 June 10 1998. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.( VIOLENT RELAXATION, PHASE MIXING, AND GRAVITATIONAL LANDAU DAMPING HENRY E. KANDRUP Department of Astronomy and Department of Physics and Institute for Fundamental Theory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 ; kandrup=astro.u?.edu Received 1997 October 2 ; accepted 1998 January 8 ABSTRACT This paper outlines a geometric interpretation of ?ows generated by the collisionless Boltzmann equa- tion, focusing in particular on the coarse-grained approach toward a time-independent equilibrium. The starting point is the recognition that the collisionless Boltzmann equation is a noncanonical Hamiltonian system with the distribution function f as the fundamental dynamical variable, the mean Deld energy H[ f ] playing the role of the Hamiltonian, and the natural arena of physics being !, the inDnite- dimensional phase space of distribution functions. Every time-dependent equilibrium is an energyf 0extremal with respect to all perturbations df that preserve the constraints (Casimirs) associated with Liouville?s theorem. If the extremal is a local energy minimum, must be linearly stable, but if it corre-f 0sponds instead to a saddle point, may be unstable. If an initial f (t \ 0) is sufficiently close to somef 0linearly stable lower energy its evolution can be visualized as involving linear phase-space oscillationsf 0 , about which, in many cases, would be expected to exhibit linear Landau damping. If, instead, f (0) isf 0far from any stable extremal, the ?ow will be more complicated, but, in general, one might anticipate that the evolution can be visualized as involving nonlinear oscillations about some lower energy Inf 0 . this picture, the coarse-grained approach toward equilibrium usually termed violent relaxation is inter- preted as nonlinear Landau damping. Evolution of a generic initial f (0) involves a coherent initial excita- tio