20074章(1,2)生态系统和组成1解答.ppt

（教材：154~198，1~8）;研究生物与环境相互关系(及其作用机理)的科学;; Chapter 2 Population ecology （the branch of ecology that studies the structure and dynamics of populations） 概论 种群的基本特征 生命表的特征和应用 种群增长 种群调节 种群进化对策 种内和种间关系; Chapter 3 Community ecology （Focus on community structure, succession and biodiversity） The basal character of community Species composition of community Species diversity Community structure Factors to community structure Community succession Classification and ordination of community;什么是生态系统？;第二节 生态系统的组成与营养结构;主要参考书;;关于中国科学院几十个生态系统定位站长期研究成果的巨著（1823页，367.1万字）。系统整理并分析了我国各类生态系统（森林、草地、水体、农田等）的长期研究资料，较全面反映了我国长期以来在生态系统分类、结构、能流、水分和养分平衡、生态系统管理与可持续利用等方面的成就。; A. G. Tansley1935年提出“ecosystem ” ; 生态系统（ecosystem）;主要类型？;Biosphere——地球上最大的自我维持的生态系统;三、生态系统的基本特征;非密度制约;density-dependent factors;四、生态系统研究成为解决人类面临的重大环境问题、实现可持续发展的重要基础;MAB（Man and the Bioshere Programme）;MAB 的14个研究项目：; 岛屿生态系统的生态与合理利用;IGBP（International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme）;生态系统模型和数量分析方法;一、生态系统的基本组成成分;一、生态系统的基本组成成分及其功能;producers;例：一个假想水生生态系统中的主要营养关系;1. 食物链（ food chain ）和食物网（food web）;One of the first of those food webs described the feeding relations on Bear Island in the high Arctic (Summerhayes and Eiton ,1923). ; 食物链类型;2．营养级（ trophic level ）;Why?;反映各营养级间的相对数量关系; It is important to realise that a pyramid of energy shows the flow of energy from one trophic level of a community to the next. The units of pyramids of energy are therefore energy/area/time, e.g. kj/ha/yr. In other words, pyramids of energy show the rate at which energy flows up a food web: they are measured over a stated period of time. This is different from pyramids of numbers or pyramids of biomass. Pyramids of numbers have the units of individuals/area; pyramids of biomass have the units of mass/area. One cannot convert pyramids of biomass into pyramids of energy by using a conversion factor to convert the mass of each trophic level into its energy content.