07年语言学研究生卷长安大学外语学院语言学期末考试.pdf

长安大学外语学院 叶辉 I. Define each of the following terms（每小题 3分，共 30分）. 1. Voicing: vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. 2. Allophone: the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 3. a minimal pair : when two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair. Like ‘pill’ and ‘bill’. 4. the paradigmatic relation: Paradigmatic relation is a relation between elements substitutable for each other at a particular position in a structure, it is a vertical relation. 5. an endocentric construction: headed; distribution functionally equivalent to the head; subordinate and coordinate types. 6. diphthongs:a speech sound which is usually considered as one distinctive vowel of a particular language but really involves two vowels, with one vowel gliding to another 7. performatives: utterances that are used to do things. Can’t to be said to be true or false. 8. reference: reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 9 Illocutionary act: A illocutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of convey literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. II. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word（每空 1分，共 20分）. 1. Linguistics is a branch of science which takes _ language data as its object of investigation. 2. To make his analysis as scientific as possible, the linguist is usually guided by four principles: exhaustiveness__, consistency_, economy, and _objectivity.. 3. The branch of phonetics that studies the sounds from the speaker’s point of view is labele